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Grouper Electronic Newsletter Welcome to the grouper news - a Electronic Newsletter of NACA, in cooperation with ACIAR, APEC, Queensland DPI and SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department, bringing you the latest and best news on grouper aquaculture, coral reef fisheries and aquaculture research and development. *** Grouper News Issue No. 16 – January - March 2002 ***
This is the 16th Issue of the "Grouper Electronic Newsletter". You can find this issue, and earlier issues, on the grouper website. The purposes and objectives of the newsletter and website are to provide latest information on research and development of grouper and coral reef fish aquaculture for researchers, development projects and commercial marine finfish hatcheries and grow-out farmers and companies in the Asia-Pacific region. Some of the articles and news featured in the newsletter are published in hard copy in Aquaculture Asia and the SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture magazines. To make this newsletter more informative and useful to all of you, comments, suggestions, as well as contributions of articles, news and information on related topics and activities are always very welcome. Please keep these coming, by sending in your contributions to: Sih Yang SIM Please also forward this newsletter to other interested colleagues.
The ACIAR project Improved hatchery and grow-out technology for grouper aquaculture in the Asia-Pacific region is now into its second year. There have been several breakthroughs for grouper breeding and larviculture during the past two years of research. Promising results have also been obtained for the grow-out diet development component. The following summarises the research outcomes: Larval rearing Research at SEAFDEC has shown that a range of environmental factors affect the survival of newly hatched grouper larvae. Significantly higher survival rates (P<0.05) were observed at aeration levels of 0.62 and 1.25 mL/min/L, at salinity levels of 16 and 24 ppt and at light intensity of 500 and 700 lux than at the other conditions tested. Analyses of live prey at SEAFDEC have provided baseline data on the nutritional composition of the live prey diets used for larval rearing. Analyses of early larval stages has shown some interesting patterns of fatty acid utilisation, including a high level of conservation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the polar lipid fraction of Day 4 larvae. In Day 8, 18 and 28 larvae arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA were more highly conserved in the polar lipid fraction than in the neutral lipid fraction. Morphological and histological descriptions of Epinephelus coioides larval stages are largely completed. On-going histochemical and biochemical analyses of grouper (E. coioides and Cromileptes altivelis) larvae are being undertaken at SEAFDEC and at NFC and an accurate profile of the ontogeny of digestive enzymes is being developed from these studies. A new component has recently been added to the project: selective breeding of super small (SS-) strain rotifers Brachionus rotundiformis. Experimental work undertaken at Gondol demonstrated that development of rotifers is dependent on salinity and that measuring egg-bearing females older (post hatch) than 12 h at 5 ‰ salinity, 15 h at 20 ‰ salinity and 18 h at 30 ‰ salinity provides an accurate indication of any change in the average body size of the initial rotifer population. A second experiment to evaluate the effect of diet particle size on rotifer body size indicated that the Sticchococcus diet resulted in a significantly smaller rotifer population and that this difference was detectable after 5 days. Grow-out diet development Diet development work to examine a range of ingredients to develop practical compounded diets for groupers using (where practical) locally available ingredients. Experimental work at SEAFDEC comparing several diets showed that fishmeal can be substituted with high-quality terrestrial meals. Specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed control (3.1%), meat and bone meal (3.0%), gluten meal (2.8%) and tuna fish meal (3.1%)-based diets were comparable, and significantly higher than that of fish fed blood meal-based diet (2.4%). Diet trials at Gondol and at RICF Maros have demonstrated that:
The vitamin C requirements of C. altivelis are currently being examined at RICF Maros. Preliminary results indicate that fish weight tends to increase with increase levels of L-ascorbyl 2-polyphosphate (APP) in the diet. The highest weight was observed in fish fed diet with APP 150 mg/kg diet. For full report please click here, and for further information please contact: Dr Mike Rimmer
Ms Louise W. H. LI This paper was presented at the Regional Aquafarmers-Aquabusiness Seminar and Exhibition, Langkawi Island, Malaysia, 14-19 January that was jointly organized by the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA) and the Department of Fisheries Malaysia. This paper describes marine finfish market in Hong Kong and also briefly on the import requirement for live, chilled and frozen fish species. It provides statistics on the consumption of fisheries products in Hong Kong from 1996-2000, the local fisheries and aquaculture productions of marine finfish in 1998-2000, and the net import volume of finfish from 1998-2000. The average wholesale prices of several live coral reef species such as Epinephelus coioides, Lutjanus argentimaculatus, Cheilinus undulates, E. lanceolatus and Plectropomus sp. are provided. This paper also provide average wholesale prices for chilled and frozen fish such as tuna, flat fish, trout, salmons, etc. For a full paper click here, and for more information contact Ms Louise Li at [email protected]
International Marinelife Alliance (IMA) Indonesia, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, and Telapak Indoensia Foundation This report cover reef fisheries exploitation and trade dynamics in Indonesia, describes the type of commodities, fishing ground and trading centers in Indonesia for ornamental fish, live coral and reef food fish. This report also covers the price structure for both ornamental and food fish in Indonesia. Destructive fishing methods used such as cyanide, blasting, coral extraction etc are also being described. External natural threats such as red tide, coral bleaching are also briefly included. The report also describes the intervention methods that are implemented for controlling the destructive fishing activities such as fishing ground and catching season management models, technical intervention on fishing methods by introducing sustainable methods such as hook & line, bubu, barrier net, and also introduce mariculture. Country Status Overview (CSO) 2001 is the first part of a series which will be developed and published annually. CSO is an open document which can be, and is expected to be, written by as many parties as possible with interest in the Exploitation and Trading of Reef Fisheries in Indonesia. Data for the compilation of CSO is attempted to be collected/gathered from all involved players in the exploitation and trading of reef fisheries, including parties which cause the decrease in the quality of the habitat and of the life of the community, indirectly or directly. Most of the data collected are secondary data, from export tables issued by several government institutions, to the observation reports made by export and science agencies. A series of interview have been carried out to support and to uphold supporting specific data. CSO 2001 decided on 3 monitoring sites (Jakarta, Denpasar and Makasar, which are the main export gates) as the first points for data collection, and observations in several fishing areas (Nias, Lampung, Ujungkulon, Thousand Islands, Karimun Jawa, Sumenep, Maluku Tenggara, and Biak). For full report please visit the International Marinelife Alliance website at http://www.marine.org/
International Marinelife Alliance This report includes summaries of the papers presented at the Live Reef Fish Trade workshop in Hanoi, Vietnam on April 23, 2001 and it also provides a record of the discussions and recommendations from the workshop. The following are the list of presentations given in the above workshop:
The full report can be obtained from International Marinelife Alliance – Vietnam website at http://www.ima-vietnam.b2vn.com/
E.G. Johnson, W.O. Watanabe, S.C. Ellis-2002 Abstract: The growth and feed utilization of juvenile Nassau grouper Epinephelus striatus (mean weight = 2.12 g; N = 9) were compared for 75 d in laboratory aquaria supplied with flow-through seawater. Fish were fed four isonitrogenous (45% crude protein) diets differing in lipid content (6, 9, 12, or 15% dry weight) and energy:protein (E:P) ratio (28.4, 31.0, 33.5, or 36.0 kJ/g protein) at two temperatures (25°C and 30°C). Specific growth rates and final weights increased (P < 0.001) with decreasing dietary lipid and E:P ratios, from a minimum of 1.20% of body weight (bw) per day (5.21 g) for fish fed the 15% lipid diet to a maximum of 2.04% bw/d (9.31 g) for fish fed the 6% lipid diet. The specific growth rate was greater (P < 0.01) at 30°C (1.38–2.09%/d) than at 25°C (1.02–1.99%/d). Feed consumption (2.16–3.30% bw/d) was inversely correlated (P < 0.001) to dietary lipid content and E:P ratio and was greater (P < 0.005) at 30°C than at 25°C. Feed conversion ratio (1.91–2.74) was positively correlated and protein efficiency ratio (1.01–1.45) negatively correlated with dietary lipid content and E:P ratio (P < 0.01). Thus, for diets consisting of 45% protein, those with lipid contents of 6–9% produced greater feed consumption, efficiency, and growth of juvenile Nassau grouper than those with 12–15% lipids. Feed consumption and growth were greater at 30°C than at 25°C. (Caribbean Marine Research Center, 250 Tequesta Drive, Suite 304, Tequesta, Florida 33469, USA)
Y. Sadovy, G. Mitcheson, M.B. Rasotto-2001 Abstract: The mandarinfish, Synchiropus splendidus, is a small, pelagic-spawning enthic dragonet of the western Pacific. Although popular in the marine aquarium trade, little is known of its fishery or biology. All aquarium-trade animals are currently taken from the wild and the impact of heavy collecting is unknown. The specialized and selective nature of the fishery for mandarinfish is described and its potential to disrupt the mating system identified. As a possible alternative to wild capture and as an aid to sustainable exploitation, egg production and early development relevant to mariculture are described, including egg output, embryo, larva and post-settlement development to 30 days, based on live material. Egg output was determined for 40 females and ranged from 12 to 205 eggs. Embryo and larva development were rapid, with settlement occurring within 14 days at 24–26 °C, and at 3.5 mm TL. The swimbladder is retained in adults. Our limited attempts at raising the mandarinfish to settlement were encouraging and suggest an excellent potential for mariculture with implications for both conservation and improved maintenance of fish in captivity. At present, given that this species is difficult to maintain in captivity, it is only suitable for experienced aquarists. Preliminary diet information is provided. (Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China, e-mail: [email protected])
A.P. Harahap, A. Takemura, S. Nakamura, M.D. Saydur Rahman, K. Takano-2001 Abstract: This study clarifies the annual reproductive cycle and the lunar-synchronized spawning of the spiny rabbitfish (Siganus spinus) that inhabit the Okinawan waters. Annual and weekly changes in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and the histological features of the ovaries were checked. Gonadosomatic index was high during the months of May to July, and yolk-laden oocytes were observed in the ovaries from March to July. Some of the ovaries collected during June and July contained oocytes at maturation stage or ovulatory follicles. These results suggest that the spiny rabbitfish undergo active vitellogenesis and spawning from May to July. During the reproductive season (May to July), collection of fish according to the lunar phase revealed that a high GSI occurred around the time of the new moon. Cyclic oocyte development with peaks around the time of the same moon phase was also observed, suggesting that, in Okinawan waters, this species is a lunar-synchronized spawner and spawns three times. (Sesoko Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Motobu, Okinawa 905-0227, Japan, Tel: 81-980-47-2888. Fax: 81-980-47-4919. Email: [email protected])
The National fish farm Centre at the Kamiura laboratory in Ohita prefecture has so far this year successfully bred over 400,000 moara grouper. This was reported by Haruo Chiba of FIS Japaoan in November 2001. Last year, only 10,000 specimens of the species that is regarded as high-class in the country were bred. This year’s success is attributed to measures taken not to lose the fry before they grew to 5 mm, along with protective measures to combat various diseases. The centre originally launched its research and technology development to farm the species during 1990, and three years later it succeeded in cultivating 6,000 pieces for the first time. However, following this success, it was difficult to maintain a stable production of a large quantity of specimens, as the fry are minuscule when hatched, roughly 1.7 mm, and they succumbed to the disease viral nerve necrosis. To farm the fertilized roe with fewer disease problems, several reform measures were attempted, especially in incubation techniques. Water temperature needs to be maintained at 26 °C. The density of feed provided after the hatching was also increased along with controlling the fluctuation in water quality. Due to all these changes, approximately 423,000 fry of an average size of 25.5 mm were produced by the beginning of this month. Moara grouper tends to die at an early stage compared with other species, therefore more effective technology is still being developed at the centre.
Gondol Research Institute for Mariculture (GRIM), Bali – Indonesia In cooperation with Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA), Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the Asia-Pacific Marine Finfish Aquaculture Network, Bali, Indonesia, 1st – 21st May 2002. A Grouper Hatchery Production course will be held at the Gondol Research Institute for Mariculture (GRIM) in Bali, Indonesia, for hatchery operators, technicians and researchers involved in grouper aquaculture hatchery production, research, development and extension. The training course is organized and supported by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Indonesia, the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA), the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). It is one of the activities of the Asia-Pacific Marine Finfish Aquaculture Network (http://www.enaca.org/grouper/). The Gondol research institute has extensive experienced in short and long term training for Indonesian farmers and technical staff. Such activities have contributed to the development of grouper hatchery in Indonesia. This is the first time that the institute offers a grouper hatchery course for participants from the Asian region, in cooperation with NACA and the Asia-Pacific Marine Finfish Aquaculture Network. The target grouper species for this training course will be mainly on Cromileptes altivelis (mouse grouper), but participants will gain experience with handling Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (tiger grouper) and other marine finfish species. The training course will provide participants with a unique opportunity to visit private sector hatcheries and nurseries in the Gondol area, and some information on mariculture development in Indonesia. For further information please click here or contact:
Mr Sih-Yang SIM
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Grouper Electronic Newsletter of NACA, is brought to you by NACA Secretariat in cooperation with ACIAR, Queensland DPI and SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department. If you have any problems or queries contact us at: [email protected] Views expressed in this newsletter are not necessarily those of NACA or other contributing institutions. Unless stated otherwise articles may be copied or quoted without restriction, provided originating author(s), institution(s) and the NACA Secretariat are acknowledged. *********************************** END ***********************************
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