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Grouper Electronic Newsletter Welcome to the grouper news - a Electronic Newsletter of NACA, in cooperation with ACIAR, APEC, Queensland DPI and SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department, bringing you the latest news on grouper and coral reef fish aquaculture research, development and commercial farming. *** Grouper News Issue No. 15 – November - December 2001 ***
This is the 15th Issue of the "Grouper Electronic Newsletter". You can find this issue, and earlier issues, on the grouper website (http://www.enaca.org/grouper). The purposes and objectives of the newsletter and website are to provide latest information on research and development of grouper and coral reef fish aquaculture for researchers, development projects and commercial marine finfish hatcheries and grow-out farmers and companies in the Asia-Pacific region. Some of the articles and news featured in the newsletter are published in hard copy in Aquaculture Asia and the SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture magazines. To make this newsletter more informative and useful to all of you, comments, suggestions, as well as contributions of articles, news and information on related topics and activities are always very welcome. We are now getting some good contributions, and this issue includes some welcome news from private sector. Please keep these coming, by sending in your contributions to:
Sih Yang SIM Please also forward this newsletter to other interested colleagues.
Frazer McGilvray and Thierry T.C. Chan Abstract: Government statistics on imports of live marine (food and aquarium) fishes and surveys on markets, restaurants and fish cages were reviewed to investigate the current status of the trade in live reef food fish (LRFF) in Hong Kong. In 1999, a declared volume of 11,126,043 kg of LRFF imported into Hong Kong but the actual quantity was estimated by the report to be about 30,000,000 to 35,000,000 kg. Fifty-five to sixty percent of the imported fish was re-exported to the growing LRFF market in China. Groupers (e.g. Cromileptes altivelis, Epinephelus coioides, E. fuscoguttatus, E. lanceolatus, E. polyphekadion, Plectropomus areolatus, P. leopardus, P. laevis), humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) and snappers (e.g. Lutjanus argentimaculatus) are the commonly consumed fish species in Hong Kong. After the Asian financial crisis, current wholesale and retail prices are only 38.6% to 84.7% and 41.1% to 99.5%, of the prices in 1997, respectively. The report concludes that mariculture would be one of the solutions to over-fishing of reef fish and ciguatera problems encountered in wild caught fish. For full report click here, and for more information please visit International Marinelife Alliance website at http://www.marine.org/ or contact
Mr Frazer McGilvray
FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 402/2 The Asia Diagnostic Guide to Aquatic Animal Diseases or ‘Asia Diagnostic Guide’ is a comprehensive, up-datable diagnostic guide for the pathogens and diseases listed in the NACA/FAO and OIE Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease (QAAD) Reporting System including a number of other diseases which are significant in the Asia region. It was developed from technical contributions of members of the Regional Working Group (RWG) and Technical Support Services (TSS) and other aquatic animal health scientists in the Asia-Pacific region who supported the Asia-Pacific Regional Aquatic Animal Health Management Programme. The Manual is published as an FAO fisheries Technical Paper No. 402, Supplement 2, third document of a series of publications jointly published by FAO and NACA under the Asia-Pacific Regional Programme on Aquatic Health Management. The Asia Diagnostic Guide is divided into four sections, with Section 1 on Introduction, Background, Scope and Purpose, Guide for Users, Health and Aquatic Animals, Role of Diagnostics and Levels of Diagnostics; and Section 2 to 4 covered three different host groups, i.e. Finfish Diseases (Section 2), Molluscan Diseases (Section 3) and Crustacean Diseases (Section 4). Each host section commences with a chapter on “General techniques” which covers essential starting points that will enable prompt and effective response(s) to disease situations in aquatic animal production. These chapters are not disease specific and emphasizes the importance of gross observations (Level 1), and how and when they should be made, including information on environmental parameters worth recording, general procedures for sampling and fixation and the importance of record-keeping. The “General Techniques” section is followed by specific diseases for each host group with information on the following:
The chapters for each host group also include three Annexes that provide information of the (a) list of OIE Reference Laboratories, (b) list of regional disease experts who can provide information and valuable health advise, and (c) useful guides/manual. A Glossary is also included. In addition, the manual is printed in water resistant material, contains more than 160 colour photos, 35 four colour plates, and the rest come as two colour pages. Sections are colour coded for quick and easy reference and ring-bound so it can lays flat during use. Limited hard copies are available by contacting Dr Melba Reantaso, an electronic version will be available in early 2002.
Melba B. Reantaso (PhD)
Editors – I. Chiu Lio and C. Kwei Lin The proceedings comprise abstracts and full papers of diverse topics presented by speakers from Asia, Australia, Europe and North America. The papers review the status of cage culture in Asian countries, identify problems and opportunities, assess research needs and discuss sustainable culture technologies and their management. Topics include discussion of the Norwegian regulatory system, Australia perspectives on cage culture and integrated aquaculture development in inland waters, offshore systems, automated feeding systems, solid waste modeling, diets, socio-economics, cage culture in ponds and much more. A collection of photographs showing the evolution of cage development is also included. This publication provides a wealth of information useful for fish culturists, scientists, traders and planners in private and public institutions. Price: US$30 for WAS/AFS members and US$35 for non WAS/AFS members, plus US$5/volume shipping and handling (for parcel post/international surface mail delivery) or US$25/volume for international airmail delivery. Contact:
World Aquaculture Society
Subasinghe, R.P., Bueno, P.B., Phillips, M.J., Hough, C., McGladdery, S.E., and Arthur, J.R. (Eds) The Technical Proceedings represent the most comprehensive and authoritative review assembled to date of the status of aquaculture development in the world. This volume contains the information discussion of sustainable aquaculture development. Several papers in this Technical Proceedings may be useful for mariculture which include: Technologies for Sustainable Aquaculture Development, Patrick Sorgeloos Current Status of Aquaculture in the Pacific Islands, Tim Adams, Johnn Bell and Pierre Labrosse Review of Status of Aquaculture Genetics, Rex Dunham et. al Aquaculture Development, Health and Wealth, Rohana P. Subasinghe, Melba G. Bondad-Reantaso & Sharon E. McGladdery Nutrition and Feeding for Sustainable Aquaculture Development in the Third Millennium, M.R. Hasan An electronic version of this Technical Proceedings will be available in 2002, hard copies are available from NACA Secretariat please contact:
Publications Officer
Gondol Research Institute for Mariculture (GRIM), Bali – Indonesia
In cooperation with Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA) and the Asia-Pacific Grouper Network,
Bali, Indonesia, A Grouper Hatchery Production course will be held at the Gondol Research Institute for Mariculture (GRIM) in Bali, Indonesia, for hatchery operators, technicians and researchers involved in grouper aquaculture hatchery production, research, development and extension. The training course is organized and supported by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Indonesia, the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA), the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). It is one of the activities of the Asia-Pacific Grouper Network (http://www.enaca.org/grouper/). The Gondol research institute has extensive experienced in short and long term training for Indonesian farmers and technical staff. Such activities have contributed to the development of grouper hatchery in Indonesia. This is the first time that the institute offers a grouper hatchery course for participants from the Asian region, in cooperation with NACA and the Asia-Pacific Grouper Network. The target grouper species for this training course will be mainly on Cromileptes altivelis (mouse grouper), but participants will gain experience with handling Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (tiger grouper) and other marine finfish species. The training course will provide participants with a unique opportunity to visit private sector hatcheries and nurseries in the Gondol area, and some information on mariculture development in Indonesia. For further information please click here or contact:
Mr Sih-Yang SIM
Yong-Can Zhoua,b, Hui Huangc, Jun Wangb, Ben Zhanga and Yong-Quan
Sub Abstract: A novel ultrasonic technique was used to facilitate the vaccination of fish against Vibrio alginolyticus. To establish the safety parameters, the effects of ultrasound treatment on juvenile groupers, Epinephalus awoara was first tested. Results showed that, at an intensity of 400 mW/cm2, 10 min of ultrasound treatment were safe, whereas an ultrasound intensity of 600 mW/cm2 produced a certain degree of damage to the experimental groupers. The ultrasound frequency had little effect on the survival of the treated fish. Next the protective effect of the ultrasound-facilitated vaccination was tested. A low frequency ultrasound (35 kHz) with an intensity of 175 mW/cm2 was used for vaccinating fish against vibriosis. Different ultrasonic vaccination methods were examined; each contains a total of 2-min continuous or pulsed ultrasound combined with or without 2-min immersion in the presence of vibriosis vaccine. Of all the eight ultrasonic inoculating methods tested, `pulsed ultrasound followed by immersion' and `immersion, pulsed ultrasound and immersion again' provided the best protection from bacterial challenge. Compared to other traditional methods, the protective effect provided by ultrasonic vaccination is comparable to that by the intraperitoneal injection method, and the operation convenience is comparable to that by the immersion method. Thus, the ultrasound-facilitated vaccination provides an effective and practical approach for vaccinating fish on large scale. Author Keywords: Epinephalus awoara; Vibrio alginolyticus; Vaccination; Ultrasound
L. Lin, J.G. He, K. Mori, T. Nishioka, J.L. Wu, S.P. Weng, K. Mushiake, M. Arimoto, T. Nakai-2001 Abstract: The viral etiology of mass mortalities of groupers, Epinephelus coioides and E. akaara, cultured in the People's Republic of China was examined. Disease outbreaks occurred in 7 to 45 day-old fish with erratic swimming motion and marked vacuolation was observed in the brain and retina of the affected fish. The piscine nodavirus (the Betanodavirus), the causative agent of viral nervous necrosis (VNN), was detected in the affected tissues by electron microscopy, indirect fluorescent antibody test and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. This paper is the first record of the agent in the People's Republic of China. (Zhongshan Univ, Sch Life Sci, Guangzhou 510275, Peoples R China, e-mail of J.G. He: [email protected])
Several interesting abstracts on mariculture species are available for reading, please click on the titles for full abstracts.
D.A. Ziemann-2001 Abstract: Populations of tropical and subtropical marine fish are being depleted worldwide to supply increasing demands of the aquarium industry and fresh seafood market. Overfishing and destructive harvest techniques have left some marine fish populations virtually extirpated in a number of primarily underdeveloped countries. In situations where only small remnant populations and significantly degraded habitat remain, population recovery even under the complete absence of collection will be slow, with the high potential for population loss due to natural environmental and recruitment variability. Stock enhancement, supplementing natural recruitment with hatchery produced fry, has the potential to significantly increase the rate of population recovery while maintaining population vigor. Stock enhancement research on Pacific threadfin has demonstrated measurable positive impacts on recreational and commercial fisheries for this species in experimental scale releases; similar successes can be expected for enhancement efforts directed toward species of ornamental value. The major technological barrier to ornamental fish enhancement, the development of appropriate culture capabilities, is being addressed in research directed to the commercial production of fish for the aquarium trade. (The Oceanic Institute 41-202 Kalanianaole Highway, Waimanalo, HI 96795, USA)
A.C. Ostrowski, Ch.W. Laidley-2001 Abstract: The long-term sustainability of the marine ornamental industry is being threatened by environmental pressures that are severely degrading the health of coral reef ecosystems. There is now a compelling need to practice resource conservation through the development of ‘reef friendly‘ aquaculture technologies as an alternative to wild collection practices and to restore degraded wild populations. The commercial culture of marine ornamental finfish is very much in its infancy, but advances can be made more rapidly using insights from years of research and development with marine foodfish species. Many of the bottlenecks and constraints to developing marine ornamental fish culture are those now being addressed with the more challenging species of foodfish being attempted. The two key bottlenecks that currently limit expansion of the marine ornamental industry are the control of captive maturation and spawning and the identification of appropriate first-feed items for marine ornamental fish larvae. This paper highlights basic principles and recent achievements in marine foodfish culture that might be applicable to rapid development of controlled reproduction and propagation techniques for marine ornamental finfish. (The Oceanic Institute Makapuu Point Waimanalo HI 96795, USA)
M. Chang, P.C. Southgate-2001 Abstract: Three commercially available fatty acid enrichment emulsions (DC Selco, DC DHA Selco and DC Super Selco) were used to enrich Artemia nauplii fed to seahorse, Hippocampus sp. fry. The emulsions varied in their n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) composition. Total n-3 HUFA content ranged from 200 to 450 mg g^-1 between the three emulsions while levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20: 5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22 : 6n-3) ranged between 47–220 and 80–190 mg g^-1, respectively. Survival and growth of seahorses at the end of the 30 day growth trial were greater in treatments receiving enriched Artemia. Seahorses receiving Artemia enriched with DC DHA Selco and DC Super Selco showed significantly (p < 0.05) greater mean survival (71.6 ± 6.0% and 78.3 ± 6.0%, respectively) than those receiving unenriched Artemia (48.3 ± 6.0%). Mean standard length was also significantly greater (p < 0.05) in fry fed DC DHA Selco and DC Super Selco enriched Artemia (20.2 ± 0.3 and 19.7 ± 0.3 mm, respectively) compared to those fed unenriched Artemia (18.1 ± 0.3 mm). The results show that dietary n-3 HUFA are essential for optimal growth and survival of Hippocampus sp. and, based on the fatty acid compositions of the enriched Artemia used in this study, indicate that the level of dietary DHA supporting optimal growth and survival is greater than 9.3 mg DHA g^-1 dry weight. (School of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia)
B.F. Beal, S.R. Chapman-2001 Abstract: We conducted a series of five laboratory experiments (7-18 days in duration) to test the interactive effects of stocking density, aeration rates, and food types on survival of American lobster (Homarus americanus) larvae through their first three planktonic stages (I-III) to the postlarval stage (IV). Experimental units and culture protocols were designed to replicate a 1:100 scaled-down version of equipment used in association with a fishermen-sponsored, stock enhancement lobster hatchery located in Cutler, Maine. The first four trials revealed that extremely high rates of aeration (ca. 240 mL air sec(-1)) were necessary to distribute larvae and food sufficiently to reduce cannibalistic encounters; however, the best survival from stage I-IV (at stocking densities of 7-26 L-1 fed ad libitum with enriched Artemia) was only 24%. The final experiment (stocking density = 20 L-1) yielded a mean survival rate (+/- 95% CI) of 75.8 +/- 10.2% (range = 62.7% to 90.7%; n = 6). One important difference between the last and first four experiments was how stage I larvae were managed prior to their culture. In the first four trials, unfed larvae were collected from a relatively small (46 cm x 30 cm x 20 cm), screened capture basket located near the discharge pipe of a broodstock holding tank at the hatchery where they may have resided for > 12 hr. Larvae used in the final laboratory experiment were collected directly from the broodstock tank within 30 min after being liberated from the mother's swimmerets. Larvae, at relatively high densities within the screened box, likely had many more cannibalistic encounters prior to their culture than those collected directly from the broodstock tank and, therefore, suffered high rates of mortality during the first four laboratory trials. Mass rearing methods for larval American lobsters developed in conjunction with these laboratory experiments were used successfully by staff at the Cutler Marine Hatchery from 1988 to 1992. During this period, survival from stages I-IV averaged 44%, and approximately 875,000 stage IV animals were released to the wild. These culture methods have withstood the test of time as a private lobster hatchery in Maine adopted our protocols in 1993, and they continue to be in use. Further, the general techniques described here have been used since 1994 to culture European lobsters (Homarus gammarus) at a commercial lobster hatchery in the southeast of Ireland. (Univ Maine, 9 O Brien Ave, Machias, ME 04654, USA, e-mail: [email protected])
G. Mc Laughlin, M.S. Kelly-2001 Abstract: Gonadal growth and color were examined in the echinoid Psammechinus miliaris when fed diets containing either micro- or macroalgal supplements. Urchins receiving diets containing the microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Tahitian Isochrysis sp. showed significantly greater gonad growth at the end of the 12-wk experimental period as compared to urchins fed the artificial diet with no added algae. An improvement in gonad color, compared to the control, was observed for both treatments receiving microalgae; whereas, those fed the macroalgae Laminaria saccharina diet showed no significant improvement in color. The P. tricornutum diet improved gonad color more rapidly than the other algal diets. These results show that cultured microalgae, incorporated into an artificial diet, have a positive effect on the gonad color of P. miliaris, with promising implications for commercial echinoculture. (Scottish Assoc Marine Sci, POB 3, Oban PA34 4AD, Argyll, Scotland, UK)
Articles that are of interest in this issue:
For direct connection to the full web site please click here. For further information please contact:
Bob (R.E) Johannes
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Grouper Electronic Newsletter of NACA, is brought to you by NACA Secretariat in cooperation with ACIAR, Queensland DPI and SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department. If you have any problems or queries contact us at: [email protected] Views expressed in this newsletter are not necessarily those of NACA or other contributing institutions. Unless stated otherwise articles may be copied or quoted without restriction, provided originating author(s), institution(s) and the NACA Secretariat are acknowledged. ****************************** END**************************
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