Shrimp Farming eNews Vol.3
A Synthesis of Shrimp News from the International Media, the Internet and the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA)
- March/April 2006 -

 

 

 

 

 

Shrimp farming eNews provides news on shrimp farming, trade, environment, and technology and industry development, obtained from Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asian-Pacific, NACA, and its STREAM initiative media monitoring program as well as web-based search engines. This media monitoring service tracks some of the major news items on shrimp aquaculture, market price, events and publications.

Your contributions on research and development, topical stories, market developments, meetings, conferences and other events, and other newsworthy items are always welcome. Please send them to

 

Mr. Koji Yamamoto and Dr. Flavio Corsin

c/o: NACA
P.O. Box 1040, Kasetsart Post Office, Bangkok 10903, Thailand
Tel: 66-2-561 1728 (Ext 120); Fax: 66-2-561 1727
Email: [email protected]

Website: http://www.enaca.org/shrimp/

                                      

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Latest News

 

News from NACA and its partners

 

1.       International principles for responsible shrimp farming recognised in Asia– The international principles for responsible shrimp farming, developed based on the Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming and the Environment were formally presented and adopted at the recent NACA Governing Council Meeting, attended by the 17 member government representatives, held in Tehran, I.R. Iran on 25-28 February 2006. The government members of NACA endorsed the principles as a basis for responsible development of the shrimp industry in the region, and recommended their widespread adoption in NACA members. The principles are available for download from NACA website and will also be presented to the global aquaculture community at the FAO COFI Sub-Committee on Aquaculture meeting to be held in India during September 2006.

- (International shrimp principles website, click here)

 

2.       Harmonized strategies for aquatic animal health management and Biosecurity in ASEAN – ASEAN members are working together to promote harmonisation of aquatic animal health management measures, including shrimp disease control and preventative measures, through a new AusAid funded aquatic animal health project “Strengthening Aquatic Animal Health Capacity and Biosecurity in ASEAN”. NACA and AusVet held the first policy review and development workshop at the Maruay Garden Hotel in Bangkok in Thailand on 3-6 April, 2006. Eighteen people from all ten ASEAN countries participated enthusiastically in the workshop, supported by six resource experts and facilitators from NACA, the Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute in Bangkok, the South East Asian Fisheries Development Centre at Iloilo in the Philippines and AusVet. The workshops provided a regional platform for ASEAN nations to discuss common aquatic animal health and biosecurity issues, build consensus and develop action plans to support harmonization of aquatic animal health strategies in ASEAN.

 

Other News

 

3.       US shrimp import increased - Although some uncertainty remains on the reviewing process, US shrimp import in January 2006 shows an 11% increase in volumes, compare to that of January 2005. The top six suppliers to the US are (with percentage changes from last year shown in brackets); Thailand (-10%), China (+48%), Indonesia (+26%), Ecuador (+47%), Vietnam (-23%), and India (+16%). The US domestic shrimp fisheries landing is reported to be declining, however there is a claim that the reporting is underestimated, because landings were not made at the usual ports due to the chaos created by the various hurricanes last year. Recent offer prices for Asian shrimp from U.S. importers have been at or above U.S. wholesale selling prices. Therefore, there is a possibility that U.S. market prices will increase or Asian producers will reduce their offers to U.S. importers in the near future.

- Source: Eurofish, March 2006 (full report, click here)

 

4.       The US DoC announced to review duties on shrimp imported - The US Department of Commerce (DoC) has received the petitions for review of the tax rate imposed on frozen shrimp from enterprises around the world. Amongst these, the number of enterprises asked to have administration reviews in the six countries are; India 348, China 163, Thailand 145, Vietnam 84, Ecuador 72, and Brazil 54. According to the DoC, the enterprises listed will have to answer US DoC’s questions by April 28, regarding the quantity, prices and value of the consignments imported to the US between July 16, 2004 and January 31, 2006.
The Vietnam Association of Seafood Exporters and Producers (VASEP) is seeking to contact all the listed enterprises in Vietnam in order to provide necessary information and give support to them. For administrative review, the Shrimp Committee in Vietnam has been organising meetings among committee members for several months, updating information and setting action plans.

Regarding the proceedings on the administrative review and the questioners for the anti-dumping duty case, Seafood Exporters Association of India (SEAI) officials said that there is a concern about the sampling methods applied by DoC. In earlier practices, 3 largest exporters had been selected to represent the country’s export, however, a random sampling methods proposed this time has a possibility of very small quantity exporter being taken up for a review consideration.

- Source:  Financial Express, 3 April 2006 (full article, click here)

                           VietNamNet, 5 April 2006 (full article Click here)

                           VietNamNet, 6 April 2006 (full article Click here)

 

5.       Shrimp farming project in Iran - There is project to develop a new shrimp farm in Hengam Island, Iran, in the Persian Gulf. A sum of 3 billion Rials (over 300,000 USD) has been invested by a private sector firm. The area of the farm is approximately 37 hectares and its is planned to yield production twice a year. The construction is 90 % completed and expected to start operation in May 2006.

- Source: Mehrnews.com, 1 March 2006 (full article, click here)

 

6.       Drastic measures to control Chemicals in shrimp, Vietnam - The Ministry of Fisheries and seafood processors are calling for drastic measures to stop shrimp suppliers using prohibited chemicals. Currently, processors have to follow strict regulations on hygiene set by importers, and they pay a heavy price when their shrimp are refused for containing banned chemicals. To date, there have been 255 cases of banned chemicals found in shrimp at Ca Mau Province, accounting 66 tonnes of materials worth US$200,000.
The Ministry and the Vietnam Association of Seafood Exporters and Processors (VASEP) officials expect to release a series of measures early in May. The Secretary General of the VASEP said the authorities should prosecute breeders, dealers, boat owners and processors who violate these regulations.
According to the agreement signed by the Minister of Fisheries, the ministry will examine 100% of raw shrimp brought to the processors or to collecting agents in the Mekong River Delta.

- Source: Vietnamnet, 4 April 2006 (full article, click here)

 

7.       Shrimp supply shortage in Vietnamese processing plant – 2006’s crop has not been as successful as expected. Mass mortalities of the shrimp were reported this year in the Mekong River Delta. Some reported cases are 70 millions losses in Tra Vinh province, 20-80% loss in Ca Mau Province and another 20-80% loss in some area of Kien Giang province. Shrimp material prices have significantly increased to VND160,000 per kilo ($10), due to the supply shortage. This shortage is predicted to continue until mid May or June, when the southern area is due for the next harvest.

- Source: Viet Nam Net Bridge, 2 April 2006 (full article, click here)

 

8.       US shrimp industries welcome the Hurricanes Relief Package - The U.S. Senate are considering the USD 27 billion emergency relief for the U.S. shrimp industry to recover environmental and economic damages that resulted from the 2005 hurricane season. According to executive director of the Southern Shrimp Alliance (SSA), John Williams, it has been 8 months since the hurricanes hit but several Gulf coast communities has hardly recovered from the damage. SSA thanks senators to consider their request and provided the leadership and resources necessary to help recovering the fisheries.

- Source: Southern Shrimp Alliance (for Web, click here. for full article, click here)

 

Market Information

 

       

 

 

-Source: Thai Union Feed Mill

 

 

Events

*To add an event notice, please send an email to [email protected]

Publications

 

(1) Publications from NACA and its Partner Institutes (NACA publication Main Page)
 

·          The International Principles for Responsible Shrimp Farming - The outcome from the Consortium Program (the World Bank, NACA, WWF, FAO and UNEP) through stakeholder workshops and consultations has been synthesized into a draft set of the International Principles for Responsible Shrimp Farming. These principles address the technical, environmental, social and economic issues associated with shrimp farming and provide a basis for development and implementation of better farming practices or "better management practices" (BMP) and government policies to guide overall sustainability of shrimp farming at national, regional and global levels. This document is endorsed by the 17 Governments (see above news item 1).

      

·          BMP Hatchery Manual For P. monodon in Vietnam - This document is not a complete manual on the management of P. monodon hatcheries, but rather, it concentrates on the implementation of Better Management Practices (BMPs) for the hatchery covering all of the critical stages and processes in the production cycle, which are currently believed to be causing problems in Vietnamese hatcheries. The manuals are available in both English and Vietnamese.

(To download, click here)

 

·          Leaflet on P. monodon broodstock management & Leaflet for P. monodon seed middleman in Vietnam – Simple yet comprehensive guide for successful shrimp farming, developed by NACA, Support of Brackish Water and Marine Aquaculture(SUMA), Ministry of fisheries, Vietnam (MOFI) and  Fisheries Sector Programme Support (FSPS). Earlier leaflet of this series include Leaflet on 1) pond preparation, 2) seed quality, 3) pond management, 4) health management.

(To download, click here)
 

·          Biosecured and improved penaeid shrimp production through organic nursery raceway system in India.  S. Felix and M.S. Kannan. Aquaculture Asia Magazine

(To download, click here)

 

 

(2) Aquaculture, Volume 252, Issues 2-4 , Page 103-612 (10 March 2006)- In this issue several articles which may be of interest and abstracts are provided:

To access to other abstracts visit the website: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00448486

 

§          Reproductive performance of reciprocally crossed wild-caught and tank-reared Penaeus monodon broodstock
 G.J. Coman, S.J. Arnold, S. Peixoto, P.J. Crocos, F.E. Coman and N.P. Preston, Page 372-384

 The reproductive performance of reciprocally crossed wild-caught (W) and domesticated lines (L1 and L2) of Penaeus monodon broodstock was assessed over two moult periods under standardised conditions. Significant variations in the reproductive performance of the broodstock from the three sources (W, L1 and L2) were found. Reproductive performance was more dependent on the source of the female broodstock than the male broodstock. W females matured and spawned more rapidly after ablation and more often than L1 and L2 females. The percentage of W females spawning (86.8%) was significantly greater than that for both L1 (38.9%) and L2 females (23.7%). W females had significantly more spawnings (1.99 spawnings female− 1) than the L1 (0. 62 spawnings female− 1) and L2 females (0.37 spawnings female− 1), and spawned within a shorter period after ablation (9.2 days compared with 15.3 days for the L1 and 18.7 days for the L2 females). There was no difference in the numbers of eggs per spawning, percentage of spawnings that hatched, hatch rates and protozoeal metamorphosis rates produced from the W and the L1 tank-reared females. However, the L2 females had significantly lower numbers of eggs per spawning, percentage of spawnings that hatched and protozoeal metamorphosis rates per spawning than the W and L1 females. The lower performance of the L2 stocks, compared with the L1 stocks, demonstrates the variability in reproductive performance that can exist between different domesticated stocks. Our results suggest that the largest improvements in the reproductive output of these tank-reared P. monodon stocks will likely be found through improvements in the quality of the female broodstock.

  

§          Effects of feeding frequency on feed leaching loss and grow-out patterns of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei fed under a diurnal feeding regime in pond enclosures E.A. Carvalho and Alberto J.P. Nunes, Pages 494-502

Feed management plays a major role in the economical and environmental status of shrimp farms. It involves basic aspects such as when, where and how much to feed. Studies were conducted under pond conditions in order to determine the effects of feeding frequency on the grow-out patterns of Litopenaeus vannamei. Feed loss of crude protein (CP), lipid and dry matter (DM) over different water exposure periods were also investigated. In a commercial shrimp farm, 25 open-bottom enclosures (5 treatments and 5 replicates) of 50 m2 each were installed in a 7.43-ha grow-out pond and stocked at 80 shrimp/m2 (2.7 ± 1.52 g body weight). Shrimp were fed a commercial pelleted feed, delivered exclusively in feeding trays 2 (at 0700 and 1700 hours), 3 (at 0700, 1100 and 1500 hours), 4 (at 0700, 1000, 1300 and 1500 hours), 5 (at 0700, 0900, 1200, 1500 and 1700 hours) and 6 times/day (at 0700, 0900, 1100, 1300, 1500 and 1700 hours). Feed was made available over continuous 24-h periods and remains were collected at next feeding. After 8 h of water immersion, feed CP and lipid level dropped from 39.58% to 34.07% and from 9.25% to 7.88%, respectively. Leaching of feed CP and lipid was not statistically different over the study period. Long feed water exposure generated significant losses in DM. Leaching of DM reached 4.65 ± 0.34% after the first hour of water immersion, peaking at 8 h (10.20 ± 0.48%). Shrimp were harvested at day 84 of grow-out, when average body weight ranged from 9.7 ± 1.75 to 10.9 ± 1.90 g. No shrimp performance benefit could be detected by adopting higher diurnal feeding frequencies. Although shrimp fed five times/day showed superior grow-out performance indices, at harvest no statistical differences were detected in shrimp survival (64.1 ± 11.7%), shrimp yield (0.46 ± 0.08 kg/m2) and feed conversion ratio (2.85 ± 1.42) between feeding treatments. Also, no consistent growth pattern could be detected in relation to feeding treatments over the rearing cycle. The present study demonstrated that when feed rations are only adjusted at a weekly basis, using as the only criteria shrimp estimated biomass, delivering feed more than twice per day is not advantageous in the grow-out of L. vannamei.

 

§          The effect of Bacillus spp. bacteria used as probiotics on digestive enzyme activity, survival and growth in the Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus
S. Ziaei-Nejad, M.H. Rezaei, G.A. Takami, D.L. Lovett, A. Mirvaghefi and M. Shakouri, Pages 516-524

This study examined the effects of a commercial Bacillus probiotic on the digestive enzyme activity, survival and growth of Fenneropenaeus indicus at various ontogenetic stages in three separate experiments: (1) Nauplius1–2 to Zoea3, which were exposed to probiotic added directly to the water; (2) Mysis1 to PL14 in tanks, which were exposed to the probiotic either through adding it directly to the water or by feeding shrimp with probiotic-enriched Artemia; (3) postlarval shrimp reared in earthen ponds during the farming stages (PL30 to PL120), which were exposed to probiotic added to the water. The counts of Bacillus bacteria in the digestive tract in all treatments were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in controls (no Bacillus bacteria were detected in any controls), although total bacterial counts were not significantly different among treatments and controls. Colonization rates of shrimp digestive tracts by Bacillus bacteria were very low in all treatments in earthen ponds. In most treatments, the specific activities of amylase, total protease, and lipase were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in shrimp to which probiotic had been administered, and shrimp that had received probiotic exhibited significant (P < 0.05) increases in both survival (11–17% higher) and wet weight (8–22% higher) as compared to controls. Shrimp fed probiotic-enriched Artemia had significantly (P < 0.05) higher Bacillus counts than did shrimp administered probiotic in the water, but growth and survival were not significantly different between the two modes of administration. Where probiotic was administered during both the hatchery stages (Nauplius1–2 through PL30) and the farming stages, the feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, and final production were slightly, but significantly (P < 0.05), higher in shrimp receiving the probiotic than in control shrimp which had received no probiotic. Because these improvements in growth parameters in postlarval shrimp were significant only in shrimp that had received the probiotic both during hatchery stages and during farming stages, it appears to be important for the shrimp to receive the probiotic in all ontogenetic stages in order for these improvements to be realized.

 
 

 (3) Aquaculture, Volume 253, Issues 1-4, Page 1-744 (31 March 2006)
 

§          The effect of acute salinity change on white spot syndrome (WSS) outbreaks in Fenneropenaeus chinensis
 B. Liu, Z. Yu, X. Song, Y. Guan, X. Jian and J. He, Page 160-170
 
In order to observe the effect of salinity on disease resistance and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) proliferation in Fenneropenaeus chinensis, shrimps with latent WSSV were subjected to two acute salinity changes from the original salinity of 22 ppt to 18 and 14 ppt in an hour, respectively. The total haemocyte count (THC) of the challenged group showed no evident change under salinity adjustments, but the phenoloxidase (PO) index declined significantly (P < 0.05) corresponding to continuing acute salinity changes from the 24th to the 72nd hour. According to the WSSV load detected by quantitative real-time PCR method, it was found that WSSV carried by the challenged group and control group were significantly different (P < 0.05); acute salinity change from 22 to 14 ppt led to the WSSV carried in the challenged group being significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of those surviving in 22 ppt, but salinity change from 22 to 18 ppt had no such effect. At the end of the 72-h experiment, the challenged group subjected to salinity change from 22 to 14 ppt had nearly 3 times the WSSV load as the control group with no salinity change. Therefore, salinity changes over a particular range could result in a decrease of immunocompetence and obvious WSSV proliferation in the shrimps, leading to white spot syndrome developing from a latent infection to an acute outbreak.

 

§          Survival, development and growth of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei protozoea larvae, fed with monoalgal and mixed diets
 P. Piña, D. Voltolina, M. Nieves and M. Robles , Pages 523-530

The larvae of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei are fed with microalgae from the stage of protozoea I (PZ I), until they change to mysis I (M I). Most hatcheries use monoalgal diets based on the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri, but there is no information on the advantages of this microalga in comparison to other species used for larval feeding, supplied alone or in mixture. In this paper, the survival rate, rate of development, total length and final weight of protozoea larvae (PZ) of L. vannamei fed with the microalga C. muelleri (CHGRA) are compared to those obtained with the Tahitian clone of Isochrysis sp. (TISO) and with Tetraselmis suecica (TETRA), supplied as monoalgal and mixed diets until the stage of mysis I (M I). With TETRA, mortality was 100% before the change to PZ III, the second lowest survival until M I was with the mixture TISO + TETRA and the highest was with CHGRA as the only food source. After 114 h of culture, the best development was with CHGRA supplied alone or in any mixture (90–95% M I), the lowest was with TISO (13%) and the mixture TISO + TETRA gave an intermediate value. The larvae fed with TISO had also the lowest total length (1.8 mm), compared to the 2.5–2.6 mm found with all diets containing CHGRA. The presence of TETRA improved the food value of TISO for growth, but not for survival, whereas TISO affected the performance of CHGRA. After 114 h of culture, the larvae fed with TISO had the lowest organic weight, those fed with TISO + TETRA and TISO + CHGRA had intermediate weights and the best results were with CHGRA alone, or mixed with TETRA or with the other two species. All rations were different in weight because they were used in equal cell concentrations. In a separate experiment, TISO was supplied as a single and double daily ration because of its low individual weight, and this increased the final weight of the larvae by less than 30%, but it did not improve final survival rate, rate of development or final length. In addition, the weight gain was lower than with the CHGRA diet, showing that TISO is not appropriate for L. vannamei PZ larvae, and that a monoalgal diet based on CHGRA is a convenient option for early larval feeding of this species, possibly because of its high content of the PUFAs, EPA and ARA, and because of a low demand of DHA of these larvae. The absence of this PUFA in TETRA is a possible cause of the total mortality observed when this alga was supplied as a monospecific diet.

 

§          Growth performance of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared under time- and rate-restriction feeding regimes in a controlled culture system
 A.J.P. Nunes, M.V.C. Sá, E.A. Carvalho and H.S. Neto, Page 646-652

When shrimp prices are low there can be economic pressure to restrict or cease feeding temporarily. Nevertheless, there is little or no information available on the effects of moderate or severe feed restriction on growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of time- (TR) and rate-restricted feeding (RR) on the growth performance of L. vannamei raised in controlled conditions. Three separate experiments were carried out in a clear water rearing system, composed of 500-l tanks. In experiment 1, 2.8 ± 1.20 g shrimp were stocked in 20 tanks at 46 shrimp/m2. Animals were randomly submitted to four experimental treatments (2, 3, 4, 5 h/day of feed availability) and one control (6 h/day) for 96 days. In experiment 2, 9.1 ± 1.44 g shrimp were stocked in 16 tanks at 36 animals/m2 and reared for 28 days. Shrimp in the control group were fed to satiation, while in RR treatments feeding rates were reduced to 25%, 50% and 75%. In experiment 3, 9.1 ± 1.95 g shrimp were stocked in eight tanks at 40 shrimp/m2. The experiment consisted of collecting feed remains at consecutive 1-h intervals, starting 1 h after first feed delivery up to 8 h. Treatments were composed of 9 replicates, each with an uninterrupted observation period of 9 days. In all trials, shrimp were fed a 39.6% crude protein diet delivered in PVC feeding trays. Shrimp performed better in treatments under longer TR periods. Although survival was not affected by TR, yield and weekly growth were significantly higher for shrimp fed longer than 3 h/day. There were no statistical differences in BW when shrimp were fed to apparent satiation versus under a 25% and 50% RR (P > 0.05). On the other hand, final BW of shrimp fed at 75% restriction was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of shrimp fed to apparent satiation and with 25% restriction. In contrast, under the maximum RR (75%) shrimp showed the poorest feed efficiency and development index (P < 0.05). Shrimp feed intake was proportional to feed exposure and BW, not ration size. Feed intake occurred in a continuous and uniform fashion over the 8-h feed exposure period. On average, hourly feed intake reached 4.09% BW. The present study has shown that longer and continuous feed exposure periods enhanced shrimp growth performance and feed intake. Also, this study has indicated it is possible to moderately reduce daily feeding rates without detrimental effects in L. vannamei survival, growth and feed efficiency.

 

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