Aquaculture of Coral Reef Fishes in Peninsular
Malaysia
Abstract
Culture of brackishwater and marine finfishes is a recent development in
Malaysia. Net-cage culture started in
1973 and a significant expansion began in the late 1980s. Seabass (Lates calcarifier),
groupers (Epinephelus spp.), John’s snapper (Lutjanus johnii),
mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) and several other coral
reef fishes are among the major cultured species. Production from net-cage culture represents more than 90% of the
total cultured marine finfishes. From
1990-1994, approximately 50-90% of the total annual production of the cultured
marine finfishes was dominated by seabass while groupers and snappers and other
cultured marine finfishes represented 5-12% and 4-30%, respectively. Species selection was based mainly on the
availability of fish fingerlings and high market value. At present, production of cultured fishes
for the markets is constrained by the limited number of fry caught in the wild
or propagated in the hatchery. This
paper discusses further the cultured species, culture systems, and management
of the coral reef fish aquaculture in Peninsular Malaysia.
Introduction
Aquaculture,
the nursing of fry and fingerlings and rearing the young of any aquatic animal
and plant to a marketable size (Yamamoto, 1992), began with freshwater fish
culture since more than 50 years ago in Malaysia and significant expansion took
place after 1957 (Ortg, 1988). On the
other hand, brackishwater and marine finfish culture just started in 1973 (Chua
and Teng, 1977) and significant development only took place after 1985. Seabass, groupers, and snappers are the
major cultured species in floating net-cages located in sheltered areas. The culture of finfishes thus occur more in
the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia where the shoreline is less exposed to
strong wave and current.
The
culture period of marine finfishes in grow-out cages varies between 8-12 months
to reach marketable size of about 600 g to 1.2 kg each, depending on species
and culture conditions. The cultured
fishes usually grow faster in earthen ponds but their survival rates are
relatively low due to cannibalism. A
seabass or snapper weighing 600-g to 800-g costs about RM 10.00-15.00/kg, while
ex-farm price of 1.2-kg estuarine groupers costs about RM
20.00-30.00/head. Other groupers and a
few coral reef fishes may cost up to RM 60.00-150.00/kg or more. Coral reef fishes comprise a variety of
species such as grouper, snapper, bream, rock cod, and coral cod. Although they are able to command high
prices in international markets like Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong and United
States of America, they are still at present under-utilised (Anonymous,
1992).
To
date, the annual production of cultured marine finfishes for Peninsular
Malaysia is only about 5,000 tonnes.
However, with special emphasis given to aquaculture sector under the New
Agriculture Policy until the year 2010, its annual production by then is
extrapolated at about 88,000 tonnes (Thalathiali, unpub.). As such, the expansion of netcage culture
into semi-enclosed and open sea areas for the culture of coral reef fishes is
under serious consideration.
Cultured
Species
Seabass
Seabass (Lates calcarifer), also called giant
sea perch or barramundi, is the major cultured marine fin-fish species
in Malaysia and Southeast Asia. This
species is not a coral reef fish however it can inhabit artificial reefs
(Sukarno et al., 1994). To date,
the seabass fry production and culture methods have been considered well-established
in Peninsular Malaysia. The techniques have been used as guide for the culture
of other marine finfishes such as the coral reef fishes. Based on the 1994 fisheries statistics,
seabass constituted approximately 55.5% of the 4,759.35 tonnes of the total
production of cultured marine finfishes, while snappers and groupers
represented 32.7% and 11.8%, respectively (Anonymous, 1995).
Seabass is the main species being cultured in
Peninsular Malaysia for various reasons.
Fingerlings for seabasses, which can be artificially propagated in
hatcheries all over the Southeast Asian region as well as in Northern
Australia, are readily available.
Seabass have the characteristics of a good species for culture: it is
fast-growing and hardy; easily domesticated to aquaculture conditions; tolerant
to salinity variations (as a euryhaline species); and, adaptable to feeding and
growing in highly turbid waters. It
also fetches high market prices.
Seabass fry production research in Peninsula Malaysia,
following the methods developed in Thailand (Anonymous, 1986a), in 1982 at the
Fisheries Research Institute (FRI), Penang and followed by mass fry production
in 1986 at the Marine Finfish Fry. Production and Research Centre (PPPIL), Terengganu. Seabass fry is produced by PPPIL and private
hatcheries. In the past 10 years, the
production of fry of 15-day old larvae and 2.5-cm juveniles by PPPIL peaked in
1989 and 1990 (Table 1).
Table 1. Seabass fry production at PPPIL for the pass 10 years (1986-1996)
|
Production |
Number of Fry |
||
|
Year |
Hatchlings |
1.0 cm TL |
2.5 cm TL |
|
1986 |
72,710,000 |
190,000 |
210,000 |
|
1987 |
35,460,000 |
560,000 |
600,000 |
|
1988 |
26,200,000 |
350,000 |
490,000 |
|
1989 |
130,330,000 |
760,000 |
1,130,000 |
|
1990 |
103,880,000 |
600,000 |
1,150,000 |
|
1991 |
39,850,000 |
460,000 |
520,000 |
|
1992 |
68,500,000 |
380,000 |
780,000 |
|
1993 |
67,860,000 |
250,000 |
640,000 |
|
1994 |
40,370,000 |
270,000 |
900,000 |
|
1995 |
55,900,000 |
490,000 |
940,000 |
|
1996 |
38,110,000 |
590,000 |
1,100,000 |
|
Total |
575,840,000 |
4,900,000 |
8,460,000 |
The serranid fishes represent one of the largest and
diverse coral reef-dwellers. It was estimated that in the Indian Ocean alone
there were 130-140 species belonging to slightly over 30 genera (Allen and
Steene, 1987). The genus Epinephelus
alone represented by 45-50 species and many of these are favoured food
fishes. About 12-15 species of the
genus Cephalopolis, three species of Plectropomus, and one
species of Cromileptes are highly esteemed because of their excellent
table qualities. From the Philippine
and Indonesian waters, 5 genera and 46 species of groupers are found and
exploited as food fishes (Kohno et al., 1990). In the artificial reefs and marine parks of Peninsular Malaysia,
there are four species of the genus Epinephelus and three of Cephalopolis
among the 96 species of coral reef fishes (Sukarno et al., 1994; Rosidi et
al., 1995).
Among the groupers, Epinephelus suillus, E.
malabaricus, E. tauvina, E. bleekeri, E. lanceolatus, E. fuscoguttatus, E.
areolatus, Plectropomus leopardus, P. maculatus, and Cromileptes
altivelis are the most common species being cultured in net-cages,
particularly in the West Coast of Peninsula.
Some of the fingerlings of estuarine groupers are locally available,
whereas those of the other species come from Sabah as well as the neighbouring
countries. About 20 million of marine
finfish fly were imported each year in 1990 and 1991 and the number has sharply
increased to about 175 million in 1992
(Thalathiah, unpub.). About 90
million marine fin-fish fingerlings would be needed by the year 2010 for cage
culture alone and 80% of which would be the seabass fingerlings (Ali, 1994).
Research on groupers fry production in Asian countries
has been carried out since 1970s. Many
research findings have been published including the latest proceedings on
grouper culture in Thailand (Anonymous, 1993).
Malaysia has also succeeded in producing some of the grouper fry from
naturally spawned eggs of E. suillus (Doi et al., 1991) and E.
fuscoguttatus (Hussin et al., 1996a), but mass fry production has
been hampered by poor survival rates during larval rearing and early juvenile
stage. Thus, almost all the grouper's
seedlings for culture are collected from the wild.
Collection of fry from the wild depends on the size of
the juveniles being caught. Juveniles,
with the average size of 20 mm in length (Doi et al., 1991), are
collected during the seasonal occurrence of young juvenile of estuarine
groupers, Epinephelus spp., in the East Coast of Peninsula
Malaysia. The peak season is during the
monsoon from November to April each year and the collection period normally starts
at five days after the full moon until five days after the new moon. It was estimated that nearly 500,000 of
grouper fry have been collected along the Kelantan and Terengganu coastal areas
annually using a kind of trap or Fish Aggregating Device (FAD) which was
locally called as temerang (Ahmad and Abd. Aziz, unpubl.). The trap is actually made of a bunch of
twigs from wild shrubs, which look quite similar to casuarina leaf. About 20-30 traps of 50 cm long are tied on
a 5-m rope and it is hanged over the sandy sea bottom between two poles or
anchor's bags. The traps are normally
set up in the evening in shallow waters (1-2 m depth) of the coastal areas and
by next morning each of them are lifted up to the surface. The trap is shaken vigorously and the fry is
caught and collected with a scoop-net placed underneath the trap. Larger juveniles of grouper fry (6.0 cm TL
and above) are normally caught using other types of gears such as pullnet,
bamboo trap, and hook and line inside the river mouths, lagoons, and estuarine
rocky beaches.
Most of the river mouths in the east coast of
Peninsular Malaysia and its adjacent areas are currently identified as suitable
collection grounds for fry of groupers.
However, those located close to the major offshore reef islands are
found to have more abundant. The
mainland beaches at locations perpendicular to Pulau Perhentian, P. Redang and
P. Tioman are reported to serve as good collecting grounds. The most common species are brown
spotted-groupers, which were identified as E. suillus and E.
malabaricus, and perhaps E. tauvina. In addition, some fry of the snappers (L. johni and L.
argentimaculatus) and siganids (Siganus spp.) are also caught. Towards the end of the season (March and
April), small number of Bleeker's grouper, E. bleekeri, juveniles are
also reported available in the catch.
The collected fry are nursed for about two months in
tanks, net-cages, or ponds to fingerlings (7 5-10.0 cm TL). Normal survival rate during the nursing
period was reportedly low, i.e., about 10-20% regardless of their
rearing systems, stocking rates or the availability of hiding places (Hussin et
al., 1996b). The actual cause of
mortality was uncertain but some researchers postulated that it might be due to
nutritional deficiencies and this dead phenomenon has been referred as a “shock
death syndrome”.
Snappers
The family Lutjanidae, commonly called snappers, and
its relatives occur throughout tropical seas and well represented in the
Indo-Pacific region (Allen and Steene, 1987).
Out of the 45 species, about 25 belonging to the genus Lutjanus
are abundant on coral reefs. At least
ten commercially important species of Lutjanus are found in artificial
and coral reefs in Peninsular Malaysia (Sukarno et al., 1994; Rasidi et
al., 1995). John's snapper, L.
johnii, and mangrove red snapper or also known as Jack's snapper, L.
argentimaculatus, are the most commonly cultured species. Some of the fingerlings are caught from
local waters and some are imported from Taiwan and Indonesia. Fry of these species are normally caught in
estuaries or lagoon using a pullnet.
Artificial fry production of both species in Malaysia has been conducted
since 1990 and as a result, hundreds of L. johnii fingerlings were
produced in 1990 and 1994 using eggs from induced spawning. A few thousands of L. argentimaculatus
fingerlings were also produced by means of an extensive larviculture method
using eggs from natural spawning in captivity (Hussin et al., unpubl.
data). There was also a considerable success
in inducing the spawning and in larval rearing of red snapper, L.
argentimaculatus (Doi and Singharaiwan, 1993; Singharaiwan and Doi,
1993). More species of lutjanids have
greater potential for net-cage culture in the future because of their survival
rates during grow-out are much better.
Other Coral Reef Fishes
The Labridae, commonly called wrasses, is certainly
one of the most successful groups of reef fishes in terms of their diversity in
Indo-Pacific region. Wrasses of the
genera Cheilinus and Choerodon are common in coral areas. The wrasse, Cheilinus undulatus,
is now one of the preferable species for net-cage culture in Peninsular
Malaysia[3] (Appendix 1).
Although this species is slow-growing and the flesh is not of high
quality, it still fetches a very good price perhaps due to limited supply and
the lure of the fantastic taste of the lips.
Other
Marine Finfishes
Caranx sexfaciatus and C. ignobilis, Siganus spp., and a few species of seabream
are among the coral reef fishes preferable to fish-farmers. However, the production figures of these
species are negligible due to limited supply of fish fry from the wild.
Culture Systems and Management
There are at least ten aquaculture systems that are
already used successfully and are still being developed in Malaysia (Ong,
1984). However, only two of them are
particularly relevant to marine finfish culture, i. e. the culture of
coastal finfishes in net-cages and the culture of coastal finfishes in
brackishwater ponds.
Net-cage
Culture
Culture of marine finfish in floating net-cages has
been widely accepted by local fish farmers since its introduction in the early
1970s. A notable increase of net-cages
was observed from the middle of 1980's until recently (Figure 1). In 1994, 759 fish farmers involved in
brackishwater cage culture in Peninsular Malaysia with a culture area of
66,864.75 m2. Wood or timber
is the most popular material used for making the frame while the other
materials such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and galvanised iron (G.I.)
may be more acceptable in the future.
Figure 1. Parallel increase in the number of net-cages and aquaculture surface area in Malaysia
(including Sabah and Sarawak*)
All cultured marine finfishes are most likely
carnivorous and, to a certain extent, very cannibalistic. The only way to minimise loses due to
cannibalism is to grade the fish regularly and conveniently in net-cages. Cage culture methods in Peninsular Malaysia
are almost similar to the ones practised in Singapore (Anon., 1986b) and
Thailand (Kungvankij et al., 1986).
Trends in the annual production of seabass, groupers,
and snappers from net-cage culture for the past five years (1990-1994) are
different (Figure 2). Seabass
production increased to increased continuously while the snapper production
decreased slightly after 1993.
Figure 2. Increasing annual production of net-cage culture of marine
finfishes
in Peninsular Malaysia
Pond Culture
Pond culture of coastal finfishes was carried
initially out in a few areas in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The major cultured species were seabass and groupers,
which can withstand low salinities. In 1994, there were 787 brackishwater ponds
in Peninsular Malaysia with a culture area of 2,447.34 hectares. Most of the ponds have been used for prawn
culture and about 90% were for tiger prawn.
Less than 10% of the operational ponds were perhaps used for finfishes
particularly seabass. The survival rate
in ponds is relatively low compared to net-cages due to a high rate of
cannibalism although fishes grow faster in ponds because of low stocking
density and availability of natural foods.
Annual production figures in the last 5 years
(1990-1994) for seabass, groupers, and snappers decreased sharply in 1991
(Figure 3). It is apparent that the
loss in production from this culture system is filled in by the production from
net-cage culture (Figure 2).
Figure 3. Decreasing annual production of pond culture of marine finfish
in Peninsular Malaysia
Management of Coral Reef Fishes
Malaysia consists of twelve major groups of coral reef
islands and eight of them (comprising of 21 islands) are in Peninsular Malaysia
(Lin, 1922). Some of the islands are
planned as protected areas under the
provisions of the 1963
Fisheries Act (Marine Parks and Marine Reserves under the Fisheries Act of
1985. The overall purpose of marine
parks and marine reserves are:
- protection of marine
life;
- protection,
preservation, and management of breeding areas, particularly of rare and
endangered species;
- natural regeneration
of aquatic life in depleted areas;
- promotion of
scientific research, preservation and enhancement of the natural state and
productivity; and the
·
regulation of recreational activities to avoid
irreversible damage to the environment (Lin, 1992).
Thus, all fishing activities in those areas are strictly
prohibited and certainly no coral reef fish fingerlings are harvested by any
means.
To further enhance marine fin fishery resources, more
than 70 artificial reefs have been constructed along the coastal area of
Peninsular Malaysia since 1975 (Sukarno et al., 1994). Used tyres,
derelict fishing vessels, concrete, and PVC pipe structures have been used as
artificial reef materials in various sizes, shapes, and modules. Under the 5th and 6th Malaysian Plan
(1986-1990 and 1991-1995), a total of approximately RM 17 million had been
spent for artificial reef construction.
Fishing activities at artificial reefs are also prohibited except at
those classified for recreational fishing.
Constraints in the Aquaculture of Coral Reef Fishes
Availability of fish fry
The major constraint to large-scale development of coral reef fish culture is the shortage and uncertain supply of fingerlings. Artificial breeding of certain coral reef fishes such as groupers and snappers has been initiated in many countries including Malaysia. However, after almost two decades, mass fry production of these species is still at the experimental level and appropriate solutions to the identified problems have yet to be established.
Limited culture site
Another
constraint of coral reef fish aquaculture is limited availability of suitable
areas for net-cage culture. This need
has become acute due to the impacts of aquaculture on natural environments. The existing culture sites are already
congested and some are subjected to water pollution and disease outbreaks. As such, there is a need to develop other
culture methods such as pond and tank culture with water recirculating systems
as well as open sea net-cages for marine finfishes and coral reef fishes, in
particular. Although these new culture
systems are capital intensive, but with a better quality product of
highly-esteemed coral reef fishes, the venture may turn out to be economically
viable. Furthermore, increase in
production of coral reef fishes from aquaculture will reduce pressure for
marketable size fish on its natural populations.
Substantial landings of coral reef fishes were
recorded in Peninsular Malaysia (Figure 4).
Over this period, the landings were maintained from 1991-1994 for most
species. For groupers, there was an
increase of about 1,000 kg of catch in 1992 and 1993. The catch declined to the 3,000 kg in 1994. Only the landings for red snapper, decreased
continuously during this period. In
general, the landings of coral reef fishes indicate the consistent exploitation
of the coral reef fish population.
Figure 4. Coral fish landings in Peninsular Malaysia by groups (1990-1993)
Management constraints
Since coral reef fish aquaculture is a very recent development in Peninsular Malaysia, most of the management constraints are not yet encountered. However, like any other marine finfish culture, the development of coral reef fish culture will be subjected to common management problems such as inconsistent quality and supply of trash fishes, disease outbreaks in culture systems, and shortage of manpower. Furthermore, a higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) might be expected since most of the coral reef fishes are slow-growers as compared to seabass, estuarine groupers, and snappers. However, their marketable price at local and international markets are much higher and it could be a catalyst to the future development of coral reef fish culture.
Recommendations
Future development of marine finfish culture in Peninsular Malaysia will rely very much on coral reef fishes because of their high demand as food fish both locally and internationally. Thus, more effort should be attempted to ensure a continuous supply of fry from the wild. However, the collection of wild fry must be controlled through a system of closed-season to avoid unnecessary effect on the natural stock. To minimise undesired or adverse impact on natural spawning ground of coral reef fishes, land development on islands fringed with coral reefs must be governed by strict environmental planning and guidelines. A continuous environmental education for the public and enforcement programme for the resource users are also imperative.
At the same time, research towards artificial fry
production of the priority species should be enhanced. Improved zootechniques for marine finfish
larviculture and increased automation hatchery operation may reduce the
so-called “human-factor” (Sorgeloos et al., 1994). A study should be initiated to look into the
possibility of using water-recirculating techniques for artificial production
of coral reef fishes in tropical countries.
Furthermore, since many countries have yet to succeed with artificial
fry production of coral fishes, proper quarantine procedures must be imposed to
exporters and importers of fish fry.
This will hinder the spread of fish diseases from one country to another
that might jeopardise fish culture industry as a whole.
Most coral reef fishes of commercial importance are carnivorous
species, and perhaps just like the other cultured marine finfishes, trash fish
is more accepted than formulated feed by both by the fishes and farmers. The use of formulated diet for marine
finfish culture has been suggested long ago and now there are some formulated
feeds available in the market. However,
the farmers are quite reluctant to use it because of the price and uncertainty
about the benefits. Thus, efforts to
further reduce the cost must be attempted.
In addition, companies producing feeds must find an effective means to
convince farmers, through their distributors, to use formulated feed for marine
finfishes as they did for prawns.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank Y. Bhg. Dato' Mohd. Mazlan
Jusoh, the Director General of Fisheries, Malaysia, for his encouragement and
permission to attend this workshop. We
acknowledge the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia Pacific (NACA),
Institute for Development Studies, Sabah (IDS), Department of Fishery, Sabah
and Universiti Malaysia Sabah for inviting and sponsoring the authors to the
Workshop. Gratitude is also due to Mr.
Karraruddin Ibrahim of SEAFDEC/MFDRDMD and Mr. Ali Awang, Head of PPPIL,
Tanjong Demong, Besut, and Terengganu for their invaluable comments and to Mr.
Nazuki Sulong for the preparation of the appendices.
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Appendix 1
Coral reef and
artificial reef fishes of Peninsular Malaysia
|
Family/ Scientific Name |
Common Name |
Habitat |
Used in Aquaculture |
|
|
CR |
AR |
|
||
|
Aluteridae Aluterus monocerus A. scriptus |
Triggerfish Triggerfish |
|
/ / |
|
|
Ariidae Arius thalassinus A. maculatus |
Giant catfish Spotted catfish |
|
|
|
|
Balistidae Abalistes stellaris |
Leather jacket |
|
/ |
|
|
Caesionidae Caesio lunaris Pterocaesio chysozona |
Fusilier Blue fusilier |
|
/ / |
|
|
Carangidae Alectis indicus Atule mate Carangoides armatus C. ferdau C. malabaricus Caranx sexfasciatus Gnathanodon speciosus Elagatis bipinnulata Megalaspis cordyla Scomberoides commersonnianus Seriolina nigrofasciata |
Indian threadfin trevally Yellow tail scad Trevally Trevally Malabar trevally Dusky jack Trevally Rainbow runner Hardtail scad Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel Black-banded trevally |
/ / / / / |
/ / / / / / / |
/ |
|
Chaetodontidae Chelmon rostratus Chaetodon rainfordi Coradion chrysozonus Parachaetodon ocellatus |
Beaked butterfly fish Butterfly fish Butterfly fish Four-banded butterfly fish |
|
/ / / / |
|
|
Coryphaenidae Coryphaena hippurus |
Dolphin fish |
/ |
|
|
|
Dasyatidae Dasyatis kuhlii D. zugei |
Blue-spotted stingray Pale-edged stingray |
|
/ / |
|
|
Diodontidae Diodon hystrix |
Porcupine fish |
|
/ |
|
|
Echeneidae Echeineis naucrates |
Live shark-sucker |
|
/ |
|
|
Ephippidae Platax teira |
Batfish |
|
/ |
|
|
Gerreidae Gerres spp. |
Silver biddy |
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Haemulidae Plectorhinchus spp. P. pictus Pomadasys hasta |
Sweetlips Spotted sweetlips Indian halibut |
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Hemiramphidae Hemiramphus spp. |
Black-barred half-beak |
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Hemiscylliidae Chiloscyllium indicum |
Ridge-back catshark |
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Holocentridae Myripristis murdjan |
Soldierfish |
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Labridae Choerodon spp. Thalassoma lunare |
Wrasses Rainbow fish |
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Leiognathidae Leiognathus splendens |
Splendid ponyfish |
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Lethrinidae Gymnocranius griseus Lethrinus spp. L. lentjan L. miniatus |
Long face emperor Red-spot emperor Sweetlip emperor |
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Lutjanidae Lutjanus bohar L. johnii L. lutjanus L. malabaricus L. quinquelineatus L. russelli L. sebae L. vitta |
Two-spot red snapper John’s snapper Big-eye snapper Malabar blood snapper Blue-and-yellow snapper Moses’s perch Emperor red snapper Brown-striped snapper |
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Megalopidae Megalops cyprinoides |
Indo-Pacific tarpon |
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Monacentridae Monacanthus spp. M. chinensis Stephanolepis auratus |
Leatherjacket Chinese leatherjacket Triggerfish |
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Mullidae Upeneus tragula |
goatfish |
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Nemipteridae Nemipterus bipunctatus N. hexodon N. japonicus N. peronii N. tambuloides Pentapodus spp. |
Delagoa threadfin bream Ornate threadfin bream Japanese threadfin bream Peroni’s threadfin bream Five-lined threadfin bream Threadfin bream |
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Platycephalidae Platycephalus spp. |
Flatheads |
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Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus annularis |
Ringed angel fish |
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Pomacentridae Abudefduf notatus |
Damselfish |
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Priacanthidae Priacanthus spp. P. macracanthus |
Big-eye Red big-eye |
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Psettodidae Psettodes erumei |
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Rachycentridae Rachycentron canadus |
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Sciaenidae Otolithes ruber |
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Scolopsidae Scolopsis spp. S. taeniopterus S. vosmeri |
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Scombridae Auxis thazard Rastrelliger kanagurta |
Frigate mackerel Indian mackerel |
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Serranidae Cephalopholis boenak C. cyanostigma C. miniata Epinephelus bleekeri E. fasciatus E. sexfasciatus |
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Siganidae Siganus canaliculatus S. javus S. virgatus |
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Sphyraenidae Sphyraena spp. S. jello S. obtusata |
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Synanceiidae Synanceia verrucosa |
Stonefish |
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Synodontidae Saurida tumbil S. undosquamis |
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Teraponidae Terapon jarbua T. theraps |
Terapon perch Large-scaled terapon |
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Tetraodontidae Arothron stellaris Lagocephalus spadiceus |
Spiny toadfish Half-smooth golden pufferfish |
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